Are Eating Disorders Genetic? Explore the Links

How much do our genes make up who we are and how we function? While there is a long history of eating disorders dating back centuries, the genetic link to eating disorders is one of the more recent discoveries brought to light. The extent to which our genetics affect the likelihood of developing an eating disorder and what we can do about it is complex – and there is hope.

What causes an eating disorder?

Eating disorders have multiple contributing factors. One that is well studied is the genetic causes of eating disorders.

Twin and family studies have found that individuals with a family history of eating disorders are more likely to develop an eating disorder themselves. One study found that individuals who had an identical twin with an eating disorder were 50% more likely to develop an eating disorder than individuals with a fraternal twin with an eating disorder. 

Other recent studies have identified specific genetic variants that are associated with an increased risk of eating disorders. These genetic variants are thought to influence the way the brain regulates eating behavior, body image and mood, which are all factors that can contribute to the development of an eating disorder.

For example, one study found that a genetic variant in the serotonin transporter gene was associated with an increased risk of anorexia nervosa. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that is involved in regulating mood, appetite and sleep. This suggests that genetic variations affecting serotonin levels may play a role in the development of anorexia nervosa.

These studies, along with ongoing research, suggest there is a genetic component to the development of eating disorders. This topic continues to be studied along with other factors that play into the likelihood of developing an eating disorder.

Learn more about eating disorder causes here.

What does it mean for eating disorders to be genetic?

“All eating disorders have components of genetics, just like all mental illnesses,” explains Elizabeth Wassenaar, MS, MD, CEDS-S, DFAPA, regional medical director at Eating Recovery Center (ERC). “The extent to which the genetic influence contributes to the presentation and severity of the eating disorder is still under evaluation and research.”

The good news, Dr. Wassenaar points out, is that the genetic component is not a sealed and done deal. She goes on to say:

“There are also societal factors related to diet, culture and food availability that can be influenced or shaped to potentially prevent onset.”

The best way to know whether you have a genetic predisposition is to consider your family history. Look at your relatives and see if they have struggled with disordered eating. If so, it is possible you have a genetic vulnerability.

A single genetic test does not exist for eating disorders. What we understand about eating disorders is that they are polygenetic, meaning there is not one single eating disorder gene. Rather, eating disorders stem from a combination of genetic factors and influences.

Looking at the genetic influence in a parallel disorder may illuminate. For example, the genetics of major depressive disorder and eating disorders are similarly complex. Dr. Wassenaar explains:

“The genetics of major depressive disorder and eating disorders are similarly complex. Genetics influence the likelihood of developing depression but there is not a single 'depression gene.' However, there are often external factors like life stressors or physical stresses that can precipitate the onset of depression. For eating disorders, individuals also often have exposure to life stressors, dieting, or other mental illnesses that can precipitate the onset of the disease.”

The genetic complement of an eating disorder is not like a switch that instantly gets turned on. It takes time to develop an eating disorder.

How do you break the cycle if you are genetically disposed to an eating disorder?

Let’s say you look at your family history and know that you are more likely to develop an eating disorder. What can you do about it? Can you break the cycle?

A critical component to keep the onset of an eating disorder at bay is to prioritize nourishing your brain with proper nutrition. Dr. Wassenaar explains:

“It seems one of the critical factors contributing to the onset of an eating disorder is a period of malnutrition. Malnutrition can result from intentional dieting or unintentional food restriction related to stress or anxiety, or being really busy and forgetting to eat lunch, or not having access to food because of your finances or environment.”

When life pressures build up, it’s important to stay nourished, especially if you know that you have a genetic predisposition to eating disorders.

Your brain isn’t only sustained by nutritional intake. Stress plays a factor in brain health and ultimately in the onset of an eating disorder. Life events such as moving to a new home, starting high school or a new school, beginning university or a new job can all bring enormous amounts of stress on your body and impact your brain health. Dr. Wassenaar notes that developing key coping skills beforehand gives you and your brain the upper hand during times of transition and stress.

To summarize, there is no single way to prevent an eating disorder, but there are steps you can take to reduce the likelihood of developing one if you know that you are genetically predisposed. Similarly, parents who are in recovery themselves can use these tips to help their children thrive. Our experts recommend:

• Prioritizing keeping your body nourished
• Developing coping skills to be prepared for stressors and triggers

Impact of genetics on eating disorder recovery

Overall, the impact of genetics on eating disorder recovery is a promising area of research that has the potential to significantly improve the outcomes for individuals with these illnesses. By understanding the genetic basis of eating disorders, clinicians can tailor treatment plans to the specific needs of each patient, increasing the likelihood of successful recovery.

How can parents and caregivers provide support?

As a parent or caregiver of someone living with an eating disorder, it’s common to feel responsible in some way for their struggle, and hearing about the genetic component only makes that feeling grow. But we want you to know that the eating disorder is not your fault. It’s important to remember that several environmental and social factors play into eating disorders – there is no single factor that sets the dominos in motion.

Some things loved ones need to keep in mind about an eating disorder:

• It’s not your fault.
• It’s not their fault.
• Eating disorders run in families.
• Environment and society also play a role.
• Brain health is a central factor to recovery.
• Help is always available.

ERC offers a number of resources for families to help you understand how you can help your child as well as how to get them the best help for recovery.

Recovery is always possible

Regardless of the genetic, environmental, societal and nutritional factors that may have led to the development of an eating disorder, recovery is always possible. At ERC, we’ll meet you where you are and help you move toward the life you deserve. Get started today.

Clinically reviewed by Elizabeth Wassenaar, MS, MD, DFAPA, CEDS-S and Maggie Moore, MA, LMFT in March 2024.

Related Reading:

• Eating Disorder Facts & Myths
• 10 Things to Know About Eating Disorders
• Types of Eating Disorders